From 1498 he was secretary of the Ten, the executive council of the Republic of Florence. He was sent on verso number of important diplomatic missions. Durante 1512, after the restoration of the tyranny of the Medici, Machiavelli was removed from office and exiled preciso his estate near Florence.

Machiavelli’s most important works are the Discourses on the First Decina of Titus Livy (1531; Russian translation, 1869), The Prince (1532; Russian translation, 1869; also published in Russian under the title Kniaz’ con Machiavelli, Soch., vol. 1, 1934), and the History of Florence (1532; Russian translation, 1973). His secular, rather than theological, approach onesto the problem of the state was an important contribution sicuro the history of the political ideas of the Renaissance. Basing his work on historical datazione, on the analysis of human psychology, and on per consideration of the real facts of per real situation, Machiavelli tried onesto discover the laws of agreable development. Marx classified Machiavelli as one of the political thinkers who “began preciso view the state through human eyes and deduce its natural laws from reason and experience and not from theology” (K. Marx prezzo hi5 and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd anche., vol. 1,p. 111).

According onesto him, per strong personality is court of counteracting “fortune” or coincidence (which plays an important role per history) with energy and shrewdness. (A number of features that are typical of the Renaissance point of view are evident mediante the ispirazione of per struggle between personal “valor,” or virtu, and “fortune.”) Machiavelli believed that rulers are assured of success if they thoroughly consider all circumstances and are flexible enough to alter verso policy puro conform with per particular situation.

Like most of the humanists, Machiavelli believed that man has powerful creative potentialities

Although he considered per republic the best form of state, Machiavelli was convinced that the realities of the situation in Italy (continuous hostility among the Italian states, which were subject sicuro attacks by foreign powers) required absolutism. Only under verso strong sovereign would it be possible puro create an independent Italian state, free of foreign oppression. Machiavelli believed that any means of strengthening the state were affermisse, including violence, murder, deception, and treachery. This is the origin of the term “Machiavellianism,” which signifies per policy that disregards the laws of morality. He sharply condemned the policy pursued by the feudal nobility and, especially, by the papacy, because it produced constant discord and prevented the formation of verso united Italian state. At the same time, however, he feared the “rabble” (plebs), who were easily drawn into adventurist schemes. He favored the middle and upper strata of the commercial and artisan population of the Italian towns (the “people,” or gente).

An impassioned patriot who believed that Italy’s misfortunes were chiefly the result of its political disunity, he created per theoretical state trapu, in his opinion, of overcoming disunity

As a historian Machiavelli made an important contribution preciso the development of historiography. He sought onesto discover historical laws and the underlying causes of events. Convinced of the immutability of human nature, he viewed history as verso clash of “eternal” passions and interests, of individuals and estates. He considered the political struggle, which was often portrayed in his works as a aimable class struggle, the most important motive force durante history.

Machiavelli wrote carnival songs, sonnets, short stories, and other literary works. The most outstanding of them is the comedy Mandragola (Russian translation, 1924), which sharply castigates the manners of 15th-century Florence. Con particular, the comedy attacks the hypocrisy and corruption of the church. The comedy is distinguished by the purposefulness, will, and activism of its characters. Machiavelli enriched Italian literature with a clear, succinct prose, free of rhetorical embellishments.